A Parent’s Guide to Volleyball
VOLLEYBALL COURT DIMENSIONS
Indoor volleyball court = approximately 30′ x 60′
Two teams of six players, separated by a net down the middle of a court
The side lines and back line are part of the court (the ball is considered “in” if it hits any part of a line)
Net Heights
Boys/Men’s = 7′, 11 ⅝”
Girls/Women’s = 7′, 4 ⅛”
12U = 7’
Girl’s 10U = 6′, 6″
RULES OF PLAY
- Each play/rally starts with a serve from behind the back line.
- Players 14U and under are given 8 seconds to serve. If they toss the ball and do not attempt to serve the ball, they are given a second attempt to serve. (This now allows for the ball to contact the body and/or being caught in the air)
- Players 15U and up are given 8 seconds to serve. There is no service reattempt permitted.
- Each team has up to three touches to return the ball across the net
- The ball must cross the net between the two antennae
- If the ball hits any part of an antenna, goes above the antenna, or goes outside either antenna, it is considered “out.
- The play ends when the ball is grounded or when a player commits an error
- Players score points by:
- grounding the ball inside the other team’s court
- causing the other team to be unable to return the ball, or
- forcing the other team to commit an error
- After each play, one team gets a point and become the server for the next rally (called Rally Scoring)
- The amount of points in a game, and games in a match varies by tournament:
- Matches are usually best of 3
- Games one and two are played to 25 points, win by 2 points
- The third set is usually played to 15 points, win by 2 points
- Occasionally, a team may play a guaranteed “three set” match in which all three sets will be played to 25 points.
- Scoring may be capped at a specific number
REFEREE SIGNALS

COMMON ERRORS
- Double Contact
- A player contacts the ball twice in a row. This can be one hand and then the other, or a body part then the hands. As long as the ball contacts any part of the body at two different times consecutively, this is considered a double contact. AAU and USAV have taken out the double contact on both the first and second contact of the ball, as long as, the ball remains on the side of the court being played. If the ball is sent over during second or third contact during a double-contact, a fault is still whistled.
- Lift/Carry
- A player has prolonged contact with the ball, lifting or carrying it in the air. This does not mean just hitting with the palm of your hand. This is “extended” contact.
- Four Contacts
- A team contacts the ball four times before sending the ball over the net.
- Foot Fault
- A player steps onto the court when they contact the ball to serve
- Net Violation
- Net violations rules vary by high school, club, and college – broadly with USAV and AAU, it is a fault if a player (minus their hair) makes contact with the net at any time during the action of playing the ball.
- Center Line Violation
- Center line violations vary by high school, club, and college – broadly with USAV and AAU, a player can touch the opponent’s court with hands or feet only if some part is on or above the center line and it is not effecting play on the other side of the court.
- Out of Rotation
- A team is not in their correct order/rotation when the server contacts the ball
POSITIONS
Defenders
Positions: Libero, Defensive specialist
Responsibilities:
- 1st ball contact
- Serve receive
- Keep the ball off the ground
- Pass to setter
- During play
- Pass or dig from attacks
Setter
Positions: Setter
Responsibilities:
- 2nd ball contact
- Responsible for second touch on ball
- Consistent and accurate sets to hitters
Hitters
Positions: Outside hitter, Middle hitter, Right side hitter
Responsibilities:
- 3rd ball contact
- Get kills
- Do not commit errors
- Block against the opposing team
THE LIBERO
aka: “The Player in the Different Colored Jersey”
- Either pronunciation is fine: “li-ber-o” vs. “lee-ber-o”)
- Teams are allowed a limited number of substitutions per game
- Liberos are allowed to “go in” for any back row player
- It does not count as a substitution
- Only player who can switch back in for the libero is the player who they went in for
- Teams are allowed up to two liberos but both can’t be in at the same time
- The libero may serve for one position and can only serve in the position for the entirety of the set.
- Special libero rules
- Liberos cannot ever contact the ball over the net when it is completely above the plane of the net
- While in front of the 10’ line, they cannot overhand set a ball that is then subsequently contacted by another player above the height of the net and hit over the net
- Must enter and leave the court between the backline and the 10’ line
- Cannot play in the front row
- Can serve for only one person per set
ROTATIONS
- The six players are put in a specific rotation at the start of the game
- The rotation order is submitted to the work team each game
- Players must be in this specific order every time before the ball is served
- Three players are in the “front row”, three are “back row”
- After the ball is served, players can go anywhere on the court
- Before the next play starts, players must return to their correct order/rotation
- Players rotate their starting position clockwise after “siding-out” – winning the point when your opponent has served to start the playBack row vs. Front row
- Back row players are not allowed to contact the ball over the net when:
- the ball is completely above the height of the net, and
- they have jumped from in front of the 10’ line
- Back row players are not allowed to contact the ball over the net when:
- Common misconception: the 10’ line is not what “separates” front row and back row players
- A front row player can attack the ball over the net from anywhere
- The 10′ line is where a back row player must jump from behind if:
- they contact the ball over the net
- when the ball is completely above the plane of the net
TERMINOLOGY
- Ace
- A serve that results directly in a point, either when the ball hits the floor on the receiving team’s side of the court untouched, or when it is touched but unable to be kept in play by the receiving team
- Kill
- A successful hit that results in an immediate point, either by grounding the ball or causing the other team to make an error
- Dig
- Passing an attacked volleyball (hit or tip)
- Float Serve
- A serve with no spin on the ball, causing it to move erratically (like a knuckleball)
- Side Out
- When the serving team loses the point, causing the other team to rotate clockwise and serve to start the next point
- In-System
- The first contact is good enough that a team is able to run a faster tempo play
- Out-of-System
- A team’s first contact is off the net and the team is unable to set certain hitters or run a faster tempo play
- Free Ball (Listen for “FREE!”)
- A team is sending over the ball with a forearm pass, usually not aggressively
- Down Ball Hit
- A team is sending over the ball with a swing but the player staying on the ground
- Attack Line
- Also called the “10-foot line,” this marks where a backrow player must jump behind in order to contact a ball that is above the height of the net
MISCELLANEOUS
- It is legal to contact the ball with any part of your body
- It is illegal to block or attack a serve
- A block is not considered one of the team’s touches
- Yellow card = an official warning that gets marked on the scoresheet – this could simply indicate a delay sanction or something not very serious
- Red card = the other team gets the serve and a point – this is the result of a more egregious offense.
- The Up Ref (R1) is in charge of the game – the down ref (R2), work team, and line judges are there to help them
- Down ref is not allowed to stop play to call violations except for net and center line violations
TIPS FOR VOLLEYBALL PARENTS
Accept your children
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- Find them a good coach
- Let the coach coach
- Love and accept your child as they are
Use the phrase “I love to watch you play”
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- Enjoy experiencing your child engaging with life
- Don’t talk about winning or losing, or criticize their performance
- Don’t feel sad – how your child performs should not determine your level of happiness
Praise effort over outcome
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- Studies have shown that children who were praised for their effort went on to be more successful in life than those who were praised for their grades
- Praising effort enables your child to have a growth mindset – using mistakes and errors as stepping stones instead of walls
Be a good role model
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- Encourage and cheer for the team, not just your child
- Don’t insult or talk badly about their teammates, coaches, opposing teams, referees, or work teams
- Give your child emotional space to experience a win or lose
- Don’t try to coach them during or after games
- Be happy
COURTSIDE PROTOCOL
Courtside Seating
Seating is limited. So, who gets to sit courtside?
- Always check ahead of time to find out whether you may bring in your own chairs or if seating/bleachers are provided. The people filling seats around the court should be spectators of the team currently on the court. Because seating is limited, athletes and spectators waiting for a later game should find alternative gathering spaces and seating.
- Sit off to the side of the court. Game officials may ask you to back up. The goal is to make sure athletes chasing volleyballs outside the court are not injured!! Please keep the edge of the court free of tripping hazards.
- When you leave a seat, it’s customary to clean up any trash around you and be sure to double check you’ve taken your food, water bottles, bags, clothing with you when you leave.
- Leave the seating area as neat and clean as you would want it to be when you arrive.
Walk Around the Court
If you are moving from one court to another location, you may do so by walking around the court. A few rules of etiquette can prevent a delay in the game…
- Do not walk on court while athletes are in play. Wait until the play is over before you cross around a court. Never walk onto the actual playing area of the court.
- Be sure to check your surroundings so you don’t walk in front of a camera or other spectators during a play.
- Watch for balls so you can avoid injury by stepping on one or getting hit by a ball.
Respect the Refs
- No doubt many calls by the officials are subjective. Understanding the game and calls makes for a much more enjoyable experience. You can find USA Volleyball Officials’ Hand Signals for indoor volleyball above.
- Finding referees to officiate games is becoming increasingly difficult. You can help keep volleyball competition a positive experience by treating officials with respect. Without them, we are unable to provide fair matches for teams.
- “Every contact made by each team must be judged; an official’s decision may not be agreeable to all participants and spectators, but the decision is final.
- Remember that every team has ref assignments during their tournament day. Cursing at and/or intimidating the reffing team members is never acceptable. These are junior players.
- If you’d like to become a game official, please check out the Florida Region of USAV website here
Video recording and Live Streaming
- Find an area at the back of the court or off to the right side of the back of the court to set up your camera. The line judge is placed at the back left which would block your view.
- Be mindful of your tripod near seating and ask spectators if they mind where you are setting up.
- Let those around your camera know when you are rolling and remind them of a hot mic. While spectators should be mindful of what they say, it’s always best to give them a gentle reminder that what they’re saying can be heard.
- Do not block spectators’ view with your camera equipment.
Food and Drinks
- Most local gym facilities do not allow any outside food or drinks inside. Only water is acceptable to bring into the playing area.
- Before any tournament, it is best to check food and drink guidelines before you go. If food and drinks are allowed and even sold at the event, be sure to toss out your own trash and help keep the courtside seating area clean and free of tripping hazards.
Do’s
- Do yell “BALL!” When you see a ball rolling onto the court. Stepping or landing on a ball can be dangerous for players. They’re typically looking up and don’t see a ball when it rolls onto a court. Yelling “BALL!” will alert them and hopefully prevent injury. Officials will call a replay if this happens during a play.
- Do pass the ball under the net. Throwing an uncontrolled ball over a net or kicking a ball can injure someone. It’s common courtesy to pass the ball under the net.
Youth sports can be emotional. When the reactions of team members spill onto the sidelines, parents can get heated in the excitement of the moment.
The “24 Hour” Rule Explained
- Do wait 24 hours after a tournament before talking with a coach about your concerns. This is called the “24 HOUR RULE” – which simply states parents should not confront coaches to discuss “negative” game situations until at least 24 hours after the event. Physical battles, yelling, profanity and derogatory comments toward a coach are never okay. A 24 hour cooling off period lowers the chance for a confrontational experience. Reasonable discussion is more likely when both parties are calmer and have time to view opposing perspectives.
- Do encourage your athlete to talk with their coach about any concerns and to seek feedback. This skill will last your child a lifetime and will benefit them when it comes time to build a career or pursue goals later in life.
Don’ts
- Don’t approach players, coaches or game officials on the court or during a game.
- Don’t curse at or harass line judges for the calls they make. These are junior players and someone’s son/daughter.
- Don’t use drugs/alcohol at games or team camps.
- Don’t coach from the sidelines.
- Don’t compare kids’ talents.
VOLLEYBALL FUN FACTS
- In 2015, volleyball surpassed basketball as the most popular sport for high school girls and continues to be the number 1 sport for high school girls in the United States
- 1,802 women’s volleyball college programs in the U.S.
- Only 23 states report any participation in boys’ high school volleyball
- 239 men’s volleyball college programs in the U.S.
- Over the past 10 years, men’s volleyball has grown 56% and is one of the fastest growing high school sports for boys
- Beach volleyball is increasing in popularity and became an official NCAA-sanctioned sport in 2016
- Over 90 beach volleyball college programs in the U.S.